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Erectile Dysfunction (Impotence, ED)

What is erectile dysfunction?

Erectile dysfunction (ED), also known as impotence, is the inability to achieve or sustain an erection for satisfactory sexual activity. Erectile dysfunction is different from other conditions that interfere with male sexual intercourse, such as lack of sexual desire (decreased libido) and problems with ejaculation and orgasm (ejaculatory dysfunction). This article focuses on the evaluation and treatment of erectile dysfunction.

How common is erectile dysfunction?

Erectile dysfunction (ED, impotence) varies in severity; some men have a total inability to achieve an erection, others have an inconsistent ability to achieve an erection, and still others can sustain only brief erections. The variations in severity of erectile dysfunction make estimating its frequency difficult. Many men also are reluctant to discuss erectile dysfunction with their doctors due to embarrassment, and thus the condition is underdiagnosed. Nevertheless, experts have estimated that erectile dysfunction affects 30 million men in the United States.
While erectile dysfunction can occur at any age, it is uncommon among young men and more common in the elderly. By age 45, most men have experienced erectile dysfunction at least some of the time. According to the Massachusetts Male Aging Study, complete impotence increases from 5% among men 40 years of age to 15% among men 70 years and older. Population studies conducted in the Netherlands found that some degree of erectile dysfunction occurred in 20% of men between ages 50-54, and in 50% of men between ages 70-78. In 1999, the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey counted 1,520,000 doctor-office visits for erectile dysfunction. Other studies have noted that approximately 35% of men 40-70 years of age suffer from moderate to severe ED, and an additional 15% may have milder forms.

What is normal penis anatomy?

The penis contains two chambers, called the corpora cavernosa, which run the length of the upper side of the penis (see figure 1 below). The urethra, which is the channel for urine and ejaculate, runs along the underside of the corpora cavernosa. Filling the corpora cavernosa is a spongy tissue consisting of smooth muscles, fibrous tissues, spaces, veins, and arteries. A membrane, called the tunica albuginea, surrounds the corpora cavernosa. Veins located in the tunica albuginea drain blood out of the penis.
Picture of arteries and veins involved in erectile dysfunction (ED)
From : www.medicinenet.com

Impotence Symptoms

Impotence is a common problem among men characterized by the consistent inability to sustain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse or the inability to achieve ejaculation, or both. Erectile dysfunction can vary. It can involve a total inability to achieve an erection or ejaculation, an inconsistent ability to do so, or a tendency to sustain only very brief erections.
The risk of impotence increases with age. It is four-fold higher in men in their 60s compared with those in their 40s according to a study published in the Journal of Urology (2000;163:460-463). Men with less education are also more likely to experience impotence, perhaps because they tend to have less healthy lifestyles, eat a less healthy diet, drink more and exercise less. Physical exercise tends to lessen the risk of impotence.
REFERENCE:

Fauci, Anthony S., et al. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 17th ed. United States: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2008.
From : www.medicinenet.com

Colic

Introduction 

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Healthy child self-assessment tool
Colic is a common, but poorly understood, condition that affects babies. The most common symptom of colic is excessive and inconsolable crying in a baby that otherwise appears to be healthy and well-fed.

How common is colic?

Colic is a very common condition that affects around 1 in 5 of babies. Babies of both sexes are equally affected by colic.
The symptoms of colic usually begin within the first few weeks of life, and usually resolve by the time the baby is four months of age, and by six months at the latest.
The cause (or causes) of colic is unknown.

Eye Pain Symptoms

Pain is a variable measure. Each person may interpret pain differently.
  • Eye pain and other symptoms often described by those experiencing eye problems are summarized below:
    • Pain in or around the eye
    • Partial or complete loss of vision
    • Extreme light sensitivity
    • Double vision
    • Halos (colored circles or halos around lights)
    • New floaters (spots, strings, cobwebs, or shadows seen before the eyes)
    • Limitation of normal eye movement
    • Pain with movement of the eye in different directions
    • Sensation of flashes or streaks of light
    • Severe headache associated with eye pain
  • Your doctor or an ophthalmologist may see these signs as evidence of eye problems:
    • Redness of the white of the eye (conjunctiva)
    • Redness that flares out and surrounds the colored part of the eye (iris)
    • Irregularly shaped pupil
    • Bulging or protrusion of the eye
    • Swelling or redness of the surrounding eye tissue, including the eyelids
    • Blood or pus inside the front of the eye (within the colored part of the eye)
    • Eye discharge, excessive tearing, crusting, or eyelids stuck together (especially upon awakening)
    • A scratch to the cornea or eyeball
From : /www.emedicinehealth.com

Eye Pain Causes

Causes of eye pain fall into two broad categories: ocular pain and orbital pain.
  • Ocular pain is eye pain coming from the outer structures of the surface of the eye.
    • Conjunctivitis is one of the most common eye problems. Conjunctivitis can be an allergic, bacterial, chemical, or viral inflammation of the conjunctiva (the delicate membrane lining the eyelid and covering the eyeball). Pinkeye is a nonmedical term usually referring to a viral conjunctivitis, because the conjunctiva gets inflamed and turns a pinkish color. Pain is usually mild, or there is no pain at all. Itching, redness, and drainage are typical symptoms associated with conjunctivitis.
    • Corneal abrasions and corneal ulcerations are also common causes of eye pain. The cornea is the transparent surface of the eye. Abrasions occur from scratches to the surface of the cornea, such as from a foreign body in the eye or overuse of contact lenses. Ulcerations occur from infections or abrasions. Foreign bodies, usually located on the cornea or in the conjunctiva, are objects or materials that give you the sensation that something is in your eye. Foreign bodies produce eye pain similar to that of corneal abrasions.
    • Chemical burns and flash burns are significant causes of eye pain. Chemical burns come from eye exposure to acid or alkaline substances, such as household cleaners or bleach. Flash burns occur from intense light sources, such as arc welding or tanning booths, when improper eye protection is worn. Even an intense sunny day can cause a flash burn.
 
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